Editor's Note: Kaushik Basu is former chief economist of the World Bank and former chief economic adviser to the government of India, professor of Economics at Cornell University and nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. The article reflects the author's opinions, and not necessarily the views of CGTN.
Shibram Chakraborty: Shibram Chakraborty. World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most. Shibram Chakraborty Shibram Chakrabarty Bengali: শিবরাম চক্রবর্তী (13 December 1903–28 August 1980) was a popular Bengali writer, humorist and revolutionary wh. O is best known for his humorous stories. His best known short stories and novels are renowned for their unique use of pun, alliteration, play of words and ironic humor.
Over the last decade, the world economy has experienced a steady build-up of debt, now amounting to 230 percent of global GDP. The last three waves of debt caused massive downturns in economies across the world.
The first of these happened in the early 1980s. After a decade of low borrowing costs, which enabled governments to expand their balance sheets considerably, interest rates began to rise, making debt-service increasingly unsustainable. Mexico fell first, informing the United States government and the International Monetary Fund in 1982 that it could no longer repay. This had a domino effect, with 16 Latin American countries and 11 least-developed countries outside the region ultimately rescheduling their debts.
In the 1990s, interest rates were again low, and global debt surged once more. The crash came in 1997, when fast-growing but financially vulnerable East Asian economies – including Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea, and Thailand – experienced sharp growth slowdowns and plummeting exchange rates. The effects reverberated worldwide.
But it is not only emerging economies that are vulnerable to such crashes, as America's 2008 subprime mortgage crisis proved. By the time people figured out what 'subprime' meant, the U.S. investment bank Lehman Brothers had collapsed, triggering the most severe crisis and recession since the Great Depression.
The World Bank has just warned us that a fourth debt wave could dwarf the first three. Emerging economies, which have amassed a record debt-to-GDP ratio of 170 percent, are particularly vulnerable. As in the previous cases, the debt wave has been facilitated by low interest rates. There is reason for alarm once interest rates begin to rise and premiums inevitably spike.
The mechanics of such crises are not well understood. But a 1998 paper by Stephen Morris and Hyun Song Shin on the mysterious origins of currency crises, and how they are transmitted to other economies, shows that a financial tsunami can make landfall far from its source.
How the source of financial trouble can vanish, leaving others stranded, was illustrated in the delightful short story 'Rnam Krttva' by the celebrated twentieth-century Indian writer Shibram Chakraborty. In the story – which I translated into English and included in my book An Economist's Miscellany – the desperate Shibram asks an old school friend, Harsha, to lend him 500 rupees (7 U.S. dollars) on a Wednesday, to be repaid the following Saturday. But Shibram squanders the money, so on Saturday, he has little choice but to ask another school friend, Gobar, for a loan of 500 rupees, to be repaid the next Wednesday. He uses the money to repay Harsha. But when Wednesday rolls around, he has no way of repaying Gobar. So, reminding Harsha of his excellent repayment record, he borrows from him again.
Shibram Chakraborty
Shibram Chakraborty | |
---|---|
Born | Chanchal, Malda, West Bengal |
Died | Kolkata, West Bengal |
Occupation | Writer |
Language | Bengali |
Nationality | Indian |
Ethnicity | Bengali |
Citizenship | Indian |
Genre | Humor |
Notable works | Bari Theke Paliye |
![Stories Stories](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Shibram_Chakraborty.jpg)
Sibram Chakraborty (1902-1980) (Bengali: শিবরাম চক্রবর্তী) was a popular Bengali writer, humorist and revolutionary who is best known for his humorous stories. His best known short stories and novels are renowned for their unique use of pun, alliteration, play of words and ironic humor.[1] He was a prolific author who also wrote poems, plays, non-fiction and novels for mature audiences in his long career.[2]
Personal life
Chakrabarty was born into the well-known Chachal Rajbari (royal house of Chachal) family, although his ancestral home was in Malda. He was born at his maternal uncle's house in Kolkata, the capital of British India. His father was Shibprashad Chakrabarty [শিবপ্রসাদ চক্রবর্তী]. A spiritualist by nature, Shibprashad would often speak of the road. Shibram inherited his wanderlust from his father.[3]
In school he played an active role in the Swadeshi movement (part of the struggle for Indian independence and as a result jailed, which resulted in his inability to sit for the matriculation exam. Despite not progressing further with his education, Chakrabarty studied on his own and was knowledgeable in a variety of subjects.
He spent most of his life in the second-floor mess room of a bedsit on Muktaram Babu Street in Kolkata. He turned its walls into a hand-written calendar, documenting his time there. He never married and was known as a 'free spirit' and was generous to his friends.[4] He did not maintain proper records or preserve the manuscripts of some of his works.
Work
His initial foray into literature was as a poet. His first book of poems was called Manush (Man). He worked as a feature writer in daily newspapers and magazines such as Basumati (বসুমতী), Ananda Bazar Patrika (আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা) and Desh (magazine) [দেশ]. These were tinged with humor and got him notice in the public eye. Subsequently he started writing stories and novels.[5]
His writing is noted for use of literary puns as a key story vehicle – speculated to be a first in Bengali literature. He is also noted for his self-deprecating humor. An example of this is the convoluted way in which he would spell his name in Bangla in his stories: শিব্রাম চকরবরতি (Shee-bram Cho-ko-ro-bo-ro-ty).[6] He would often put himself into his stories amongst fictional characters. The most famous and recurring characters in his stories are the brothers Harshabardhan [হর্ষবর্ধন] and Gobardhan [গোবর্ধন] and his sister Bini. Advertisements for his books often bill him as the King of Laughter.[7] Aside from funny stories, his other notable writings include the dramatization of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel Dena Paona (দেনা পাওনা) under the title Shoroshi [ষোড়শী] (Sixteen Year Old Girl), the political work Moscow bonam Pondicheri [মস্কো বনাম পন্ডিচেরি] (Moscow Versus Pondicheri; ) and the play Jokhon Tara Kotha Bolbe [যখন তারা কথা বলবে] (When They Will Speak). His (so called) autobiography Eeshwar Prithibee Valobasa (ঈশ্বর পৃথিবী ভালবাসা) (God Earth Love) is also regarded as one of his best works. During his 60-year career he authored more than 150 books.[8]
Shibram Chakraborty Short Stories 2016
Shibram spent his early days in Paharpur and Chachal. In his boyhood days, he once ran away from home.[9] This experience would later inspire his novel Bari Theke Paliye [বাড়ি থেকে পালিয়ে] (Runaway), which was made into a film by Ritwik Ghatak.[10]
Last phase of life and Death
In the last phase of his life, he ran into serious financial difficulties and the West Bengal Government put him on a monthly allowance. He died in Kolkata in 1980.
Bibliography
![Shibram Shibram](/uploads/1/2/6/6/126674004/897583542.jpg)
- Bari Theke Paliye [বাড়ি থেকে পালিয়ে] (Runaway)
- The Merry Adventures of Harshabardhan and Gobardhan. (Translated by Arunava Sinha. Hachette India, New Delhi, 2014)
- Eeshwar Prithibee Valobasa [ঈশ্বর পৃথিবী ভালবাসা] (God Earth Love), 1974: (So called) autobiography.
- Valobasa Prithibee Eeshwar [ভালবাসা পৃথিবী ঈশ্বর] (Love Earth God), 1976: Another (so called) autobiography.
- Aaj O Agamikaal [আজ ও আগামীকাল] (Today & Tomorrow), 1929: A collection of short stories.
- Ekti Swarnaghotita Apokeerti [একটি স্বর্ণঘটিত অপকীর্তি] (An Misdoing Due to Gold): Drama
- Debotar Jonmo [দেবতার জন্ম] (Birth of a God): Short story
- Jakhan Tara Katha Bolbe [যখন তারা কথা বলবে], (When They Will Speak)
Quotations
- 'Though that may be not the ultimate goal, but the communists do have an extreme goal, and that is All for one and one for all.'
- 'The history of human civilization is sub-divided into two kinds of people. One who is selfishly screaming that all of this earth belongs to me. State — that's me! I will benefit—this happens to be the biggest thing of this world. The other is sacrificing himself by exiling into the forest or on the cross; they said, I have come for all; I have sacrificed myself to all. Both of them show the incompleteness of the civilization.'
- 'My respect for Rabindranath is not because he is a so-called superman, but because he is a complete human being.'
- 'The basis of a human being's completeness lies in the maturity of body, mind and intellect ... the bottom line of completeness is congruence, harmony.'
- 'To earn the freedom of a nation, a freedom fighter have to sacrifice his own freedom.'
References
Shibram Chakraborty Short Stories Youtube
- ^http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Shibram-King-of-pun-and-adda-maestro/articleshow/23235676.cms
- ^https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/6953928._
- ^https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/6953928._
- ^https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/6953928._
- ^https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/6953928._
- ^https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/6953928._
- ^http://www.jayabhattacharjirose.com/jaya/2014/06/28/shibram-chakraborty/
- ^https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/6953928._
- ^http://www.jayabhattacharjirose.com/jaya/2014/06/28/shibram-chakraborty/
- ^http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0051399/
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